Mathematical Symbols

Linear Algebra

symbol	latex code	explanation
+	+	Addition
−	-	Subtraction
×	\times	Multiplication
÷	\div	Division
=	=	Equal to
≠	\neq	Not equal to
<	<	Less than
>	>	Greater than
≤	\leq	Less than or equal to
≥	\geq	Greater than or equal to
±	\pm	Plus-minus
∓	\mp	Minus-plus
%	\%	Percent
‰	\permil	Per mille
‱	\textpertenthousand	Per ten thousand sign
√	\sqrt{}	Square root
∛	\sqrt[3]{}	Cube root
∜	\sqrt[4]{}	Fourth root
^	^	Exponentiation (power)
log	\log	Logarithm base 10
ln	\ln	Natural logarithm (base \(e\))
e	e	The base of the natural logarithm (\(e\))
∞	\infty	Infinity
π	\pi	Pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
φ	\varphi	Phi, the golden ratio
!	!	Factorial, the product of all positive integers up to a given number
∑	\sum	Summation, the sum of a sequence of numbers
∏	\prod	Product, the product of a sequence of numbers
∂	\partial	Partial derivative symbol
∆	\Delta	Delta, represents change or difference in mathematics
∫	\int	Integral, represents the area under a curve
∮	\oint	Contour integral, used in complex analysis
(	(	Left parenthesis for grouping
)	)	Right parenthesis for grouping
[	[	Left square bracket for grouping
]	]	Right square bracket for grouping
+	\+	Addition operation between two numbers.
-	\-	Subtraction operation between two numbers.
*	\ast	Multiplication or a wildcard symbol.
/	\/	Denotes division or separates terms.
=	\=	Indicates equality between two expressions or assignment.
≠	\neq	Indicates that two expressions are not equal.
<	\<	Indicates that the left value is smaller than the right.
>	\>	Indicates that the left value is larger than the right.
≤	\leq	Left value is less than or equal to the right.
≥	\geq	Left value is greater than or equal to the right.
×	\times	Denotes multiplication between two quantities.
÷	\div	Represents division between two numbers.
±	\pm	Plus Minus.
∓	\mp	Minus Plus.
∧	\wedge	Logical conjunction; true if both operands are true.
∨	\vee	Logical disjunction; true if at least one operand is true.
⊕	\oplus	Represents direct sum or exclusive OR.
⊗	\otimes	Denotes tensor product.
∙	\cdot	Represents multiplication, especially scalar product.
∝	\propto	Indicates proportionality between two quantities.
∘	\circ	Denotes the composition of two functions.
∙	\bullet	Used for multiplication or as a list marker.
∩	\cap	Represents common elements of sets.
∪	\cup	Represents all elements from both sets.
⊎	\uplus	Union where elements' multiplicities are summed.
⊓	\inf	Greatest element less than or equal to all elements.
⊔	\sup	Least element greater than or equal to all elements.
≮	\nless	Indicates the left value is not less than the right.
∔	\dotplus	Dot plus
∸	\dotminus	Dot minus
∖	\setminus	Set minus
⋒	\curlyvee	Curly logical or
⋓	\curlywedge	Curly logical and
⊟	\boxminus	Square image
⊠	\boxtimes	Square original
⊡	\boxdot	Squared dot operator
⊞	\boxplus	Squared plus
⋇	\divideontimes	Division times
⋉	\ltimes	Left normal factor semidirect product
⋊	\rtimes	Right normal factor semidirect product
⋋	\leftthreetimes	Left semidirect product
⋌	\rightthreetimes	Right semidirect product
⋏	\bigcap	N-ary intersection
⋎	\bigcup	N-ary union
⊝	\circleddash	Circled dash
⊺	\turnstile	Turnstile
⊕	\oplus	Direct sum / Circled plus
⊖	\ominus	Circled minus
⊗	\otimes	Tensor product / Circled times
⊘	\oslash	Circled division slash
⊙	\odot	Circled dot operator
⊛	\circledast	Circled star operator
⊚	\circledcirc	Circled ring operator
†	\dagger	Dagger
‡	\ddagger	Double dagger
⋆	\star	Star operator
⋄	\diamond	Diamond operator
≀	\wr	Wreath product
△	\triangle	Triangle / Delta
⋀	\bigwedge	N-ary logical and
⋁	\bigvee	N-ary logical or
⨀	\bigwedge	N-ary logical and
⨂	\bigotimes	N-ary times operator
⨁	\bigoplus	N-ary direct sum
⨅	\bigcap	N-ary coproduct
⨆	\bigcup	N-ary union operator
⨄	\biguplus	N-ary union plus
⨃	\bigcupplus	Union with a plus
∟	\rightangle	Right Angle
∠	\angle	Angle
∡	\measuredangle	Measured Angle
∢	\sphericalangle	Spherical Angle
⊾	\rightanglewitharc	Right Angle With Arc
⊿	\righttriangle	Right Triangle
⋕	\equalparallel	Equal and Parallel To
⊥	\perp	Perpendicular
∤	\nmid	Undefined control sequence
∥	\parallel	Parallel
∦	\nparallel	Not Parallel To (another form)
∶	\ratio	Ratio
∷	\proportion	Proportion
∴	\therefore	Therefore
∵	\because	Because
∎	\blacksquare	End of Proof (Tombstone)
△	\triangle	Triangle
≅	\cong	Congruent (identical in form)
∼	\sim	Similar (same shape, different size)
○	\bigcirc	Circle
⊙	\odot	Circled dot (often represents a circle with a center point)
□	\square	Square
◇	\diamond	Diamond
▭	\rectangle	Rectangle
⬟	\pentagon	Pentagon
⬣	\hexagon	Hexagon
ω	\omega	Omega (often used to represent a specific angle in trigonometry)
Ω	\Omega	Ohm or Omega (can represent a large circle or completion)
α	\alpha	Alpha (often used to represent angles in triangles and circles)
β	\beta	Beta (also used for angles)
γ	\gamma	Gamma (often represents an angle or a specific point)
∑	\sum	Summation symbol
∫	\int	Integral symbol
∬	\iint	Double integral symbol
∭	\iiint	Triple integral symbol
∮	\oint	Contour integral symbol
∯	\oiint	Surface integral symbol
∰	\oiiint	Volume integral symbol
∱	\varointclockwise	Clockwise integral
∲	\ointctrclockwise	Clockwise contour integral
∳	\varointctrclockwise	Counterclockwise contour integral
∏	\prod	Product symbol
∐	\coprod	Coproduct symbol
⋂	\bigcap	Intersection symbol
⋃	\bigcup	Union symbol
⋀	\bigwedge	Logical AND or N-ary logical conjunction
⋁	\bigvee	Logical OR or N-ary logical disjunction
⨀	\bigwedge	N-ary logical AND
⨂	\bigotimes	Tensor product
⨁	\bigoplus	Direct sum
⨄	\biguplus	Multiset sum
⨃	\bigcupplus	Union with a plus
∀	\forall	For All (Universal Quantifier)
∁	\complement	Complement
ℂ	\mathbb{C}	Set of Complex Numbers
∂	\partial	Partial Differential
ð	\eth	Eth (Used in phonetic notations)
ℇ	\Euler	Euler's Number (Variant)
Ϝ	\digamma	Digamma (Greek letter)
Ⅎ	\Finv	Turned Capital F
ℊ	\gscript	Script Capital G (Used in Physics for conductance)
ℋ	\hPlanck	Planck Constant
ℌ	\hHilbert	Black-Letter Capital H (Hilbert Space)
ℎ	\hBar	Planck's Constant over Two Pi
ℏ	\hslash	Reduced Planck's Constant
℩	\imaginaryJ	Script Capital J
ı	\dotlessi	Dotless I
ℑ	\imaginary	Imaginary Part
j	\imaginaryJ	J, used as a unit imaginary number in electrical engineering
ϰ	\varkappa	Kappa Symbol (Greek letter)
ℒ	\lagrangian	Script Capital L (Lagrangian)
ℓ	\ell	Script Small L (Liter)
ℕ	\mathbb{N}	Set of Natural Numbers
℘	\wp	Weierstrass P (Power Set)
ℚ	\mathbb{Q}	Set of Rational Numbers
ℛ	\real	Script Capital R
ℜ	\realpart	Real Part
ℝ	\mathbb{R}	Set of Real Numbers
ℤ	\mathbb{Z}	Set of Integers
℧	\turnedOmega	Turned Omega
Å	\angstrom	Angstrom
ℬ	\Bbbk	Script Capital B
℮	\estimated	Estimated Symbol (Euro)
ℰ	\scriptE	Script Capital E
∃	\exists	There Exists (Existential Quantifier)
∄	\nexists	There Does Not Exist
ℱ	\scriptF	Script Capital F
ℳ	\scriptM	Script Capital M
ℴ	\scriptO	Script Small O
ℵ	\aleph	Aleph Number (Transfinite Numbers)
ℶ	\beth	Beth Number
ℷ	\gimel	Gimel Function
ℸ	\dalet	Dalet Symbol
=	=	Equal to
≠	\neq	Not equal to
<	<	Less than
>	>	Greater than
≤	\le	Less than or equal to
≥	\ge	Greater than or equal to
≮	\nless	Not less than
≰	\nleq	Neither less than nor equal to
≯	\ngtr	Not greater than
≱	\ngeq	Neither greater than nor equal to
≡	\equiv	Identical to or congruent
∼	\sim	Tilde operator, often denotes similarity or equivalence
≃	\simeq	Asymptotically equal to
≈	\approx	Approximately equal to
≅	\cong	Approximately equal to or congruent
≢	\nequiv	Not identical to
≄	\nasymp	Not asymptotically equal to
≉	\napprox	Not approximately equal to
≇	\ncong	Neither approximately nor actually equal to
∝	\propto	Proportional to
≪	\ll	Much less than
≫	\gg	Much greater than
∈	\in	Element of
∋	\ni	Contains as a member
∉	\notin	Not an element of
⊂	\subset	Subset of
⊃	\supset	Superset of
⊆	\subseteq	Subset of or equal to
⊇	\supseteq	Superset of or equal to
≺	\prec	Precedes
≻	\succ	Succeeds
≼	\preceq	Precedes or equal to
≽	\succeq	Succeeds or equal to
⊏	\sqsubset	Subset of with not equal to
⊐	\sqsupset	Superset of with not equal to
⊑	\sqsubseteq	Square image of or equal to
⊒	\sqsupseteq	Square original of or equal to
∥	\parallel	Parallel to
⊥	\perp	Perpendicular to
⊢	\vdash	Proves, forces
⊣	\dashv	Double turnstile
⋈	\bowtie	Bowtie, join
≍	\asymp	Equiangular to
(	\left(	Left parenthesis
)	\right)	Right parenthesis
[	\left[	Left square bracket
]	\right]	Right square bracket
{	\left\{	Left curly brace
}	\right\}	Right curly brace
⟨	\left\langle	Left angle bracket
⟩	\right\rangle	Right angle bracket
\|	\left\|	Left vertical bar
\|	\right\|	Right vertical bar
⌈	\left\lceil	Left ceiling bracket
⌉	\right\rceil	Right ceiling bracket
⌊	\left\lfloor	Left floor bracket
⌋	\right\rfloor	Right floor bracket
‖	\left\\|	Left double vertical bar
‖	\right\\|	Right double vertical bar
⟦	\left\llbracket	Left double bracket
⟧	\right\rrbracket	Right double bracket
≠	\neq	Not Equal To
≮	\nless	Not Less Than
≯	\ngtr	Not Greater Than
≰	\nleq	Neither Less Than Nor Equal To
≱	\ngeq	Neither Greater Than Nor Equal To
≢	\nequiv	Not Identical To
≁	\nsim	Not Tilde
≄	\nasymp	Not Asymptotically Equal To
≉	\napprox	Not Almost Equal To
≇	\ncong	Neither Approximately Nor Actually Equal To
≭	\nmid	Not Divides
≨	\lneq	Less Than But Not Equal To
≩	\gneq	Greater Than But Not Equal To
⊀	\nprec	Not Precedes
⊁	\nsucc	Not Succeeds
⋠	\npreceq	Does Not Precede Or Equal
⋡	\nsucceq	Does Not Succeed Or Equal
∉	\notin	Not An Element Of
∌	\notni	Does Not Contain As Member
⊄	\nsubset	Not A Subset Of
⊅	\nsupset	Not A Superset Of
⊈	\nsubseteq	Not A Subset Of Or Equal To
⊉	\nsupseteq	Not A Superset Of Or Equal To
⊊	\subsetneq	Subset Of With Not Equal To
⋢	\varsubsetneq	Subset Of With Not Equal To (variant)
⊋	\supsetneq	Superset Of With Not Equal To
⋣	\varsupsetneq	Superset Of With Not Equal To (variant)
⋦	\lnsim	Less Than But Not Equivalent To
⋧	\gnsim	Greater Than But Not Equivalent To
⋨	\precnsim	Precedes But Not Equivalent To
⋩	\succnsim	Succeeds But Not Equivalent To
⋪	\ntriangleleft	Not Normal Subgroup Of
⋫	\ntriangleright	Does Not Contain As Normal Subgroup
⋬	\ntrianglelefteq	Not Normal Subgroup Of Or Equal To
⋭	\ntrianglerighteq	Does Not Contain As Normal Subgroup Or Equal
∤	\nmid	Does Not Divide
∦	\nparallel	Not Parallel To
⊬	\nvdash	Does Not Prove
⊭	\nvDash	Not True
⊮	\nVdash	Does Not Force
⊯	\nVDash	Negated Double Vertical Bar Double Right Turnstile
∄	\nexists	There Does Not Exist
←	\leftarrow	Leftwards Arrow
→	\rightarrow	Rightwards Arrow
↑	\uparrow	Upwards Arrow
↓	\downarrow	Downwards Arrow
↔	\leftrightarrow	Left Right Arrow
↕	\updownarrow	Up Down Arrow
⇐	\Leftarrow	Leftwards Double Arrow
⇒	\Rightarrow	Rightwards Double Arrow
⇑	\Uparrow	Upwards Double Arrow
⇓	\Downarrow	Downwards Double Arrow
⇔	\Leftrightarrow	Left Right Double Arrow
⇕	\Updownarrow	Up Down Double Arrow
⟵	\longleftarrow	Long Leftwards Arrow
⟶	\longrightarrow	Long Rightwards Arrow
⟷	\longleftrightarrow	Long Left Right Arrow
⟸	\Longleftarrow	Long Leftwards Double Arrow
⟹	\Longrightarrow	Long Rightwards Double Arrow
⟺	\Longleftrightarrow	Long Left Right Double Arrow
↗	\nearrow	North East Arrow
↖	\nwarrow	North West Arrow
↘	\searrow	South East Arrow
↙	\swarrow	South West Arrow
↚	\nleftarrow	Leftwards Arrow with Stroke
↛	\nrightarrow	Rightwards Arrow with Stroke
↮	\nleftrightarrow	Left Right Arrow with Stroke
⇍	\nLeftarrow	Leftwards Double Arrow with Stroke
⇏	\nRightarrow	Rightwards Double Arrow with Stroke
⇎	\nLeftrightarrow	Left Right Double Arrow with Stroke
⇠	\dashleftarrow	Leftwards Dashed Arrow
⇢	\dashrightarrow	Rightwards Dashed Arrow
↤	\leftarrowtail	Leftwards Arrow from Bar
↦	\rightarrowtail	Rightwards Arrow from Bar
⟻	\rightsquigarrow	Long Rightwards Squiggle Arrow
⟼	\leadsto	Long Rightwards Double Squiggle Arrow
↩	\hookleftarrow	Leftwards Arrow with Hook
↪	\hookrightarrow	Rightwards Arrow with Hook
↼	\leftharpoonup	Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Upwards
↽	\leftharpoondown	Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Downwards
⇀	\rightharpoonup	Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Upwards
⇁	\rightharpoondown	Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Downwards
↿	\upharpoonleft	Upwards Harpoon with Barb Leftwards
↾	\upharpoonright	Upwards Harpoon with Barb Rightwards
⇃	\downharpoonleft	Downwards Harpoon with Barb Leftwards
⇂	\downharpoonright	Downwards Harpoon with Barb Rightwards
⇋	\leftrightharpoons	Leftwards Harpoon Over Rightwards Harpoon
⇌	\rightleftharpoons	Rightwards Harpoon Over Leftwards Harpoon
⇇	\leftleftarrows	Leftwards Paired Arrows
⇉	\rightrightarrows	Rightwards Paired Arrows
⇈	\upuparrows	Upwards Paired Arrows
⇊	\downdownarrows	Downwards Paired Arrows
⇆	\leftrightarrows	Leftwards Arrow Over Rightwards Arrow
⇄	\rightleftarrows	Rightwards Arrow Over Leftwards Arrow
↫	\looparrowleft	Leftwards Arrow with Loop
↬	\looparrowright	Rightwards Arrow with Loop
↢	\Lsh	Leftwards Arrow with Tail
↣	\Rsh	Rightwards Arrow with Tail
↰	\upharpoonleft	Upwards Arrow with Tip Leftwards
↱	\upharpoonright	Upwards Arrow with Tip Rightwards
↲	\downharpoonleft	Downwards Arrow with Tip Leftwards
↳	\downharpoonright	Downwards Arrow with Tip Rightwards
⇚	\Lleftarrow	Leftwards Triple Arrow
⇛	\Rrightarrow	Rightwards Triple Arrow
↞	\twoheadleftarrow	Two Headed Leftwards Arrow
↠	\twoheadrightarrow	Two Headed Rightwards Arrow
↶	\curvearrowleft	Anticlockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
↷	\curvearrowright	Clockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
↺	\circlearrowleft	Anticlockwise Open Circle Arrow
↻	\circlearrowright	Clockwise Open Circle Arrow
⊸	\multimap	Circled Dash with Arrow
↭	\leftrightsquigarrow	Left Right Wave Arrow
↜	\leftsquigarrow	Leftwards Wave Arrow
↝	\rightsquigarrow	Rightwards Wave Arrow
⇜	\leftsquigarrow	Leftwards Squiggle Arrow
α	\alpha
β	\beta
γ	\gamma
δ	\delta
ε	\epsilon
ζ	\zeta
η	\eta
θ	\theta
ι	\iota
κ	\kappa
λ	\lambda
μ	\mu
ν	\nu
ξ	\xi
ο	o
π	\pi
ρ	\rho
σ	\sigma
τ	\tau
υ	\upsilon
φ	\phi
χ	\chi
ψ	\psi
ω	\omega
Α	\Alpha
Β	\Beta
Γ	\Gamma
Δ	\Delta
Ε	\Epsilon
Ζ	\Zeta
Η	\Eta
Θ	\Theta
Ι	\Iota
Κ	\Kappa
Λ	\Lambda
Μ	\Mu
Ν	\Nu
Ξ	\Xi
Ο	\Omicron
Π	\Pi
Ρ	\Rho
Σ	\Sigma
Τ	\Tau
Υ	\Upsilon
Φ	\Phi
Χ	\Chi
Ψ	\Psi
Ω	\Omega
a	\a
b	\b
c	\c
d	\d
e	\e
f	\f
g	\g
h	\h
i	\i
j	\j
k	\k
l	\l
m	\m
n	\n
o	\o
p	\p
q	\q
r	\r
s	\s
t	\t
u	\u
v	\v
w	\w
x	\x
y	\y
z	\z
A	\A
B	\B
C	\C
D	\D
E	\E
F	\F
G	\G
H	\H
I	\I
J	\J
K	\K
L	\L
M	\M
N	\N
O	\O
P	\P
Q	\Q
R	\R
S	\S
T	\T
U	\U
V	\V
W	\W
X	\X
Y	\Y
Z	\Z
∈	\in	Element of
∉	\notin	Not element of
⊂	\subset	Subset of
⊄	\not\subset	Not subset of
⊆	\subseteq	Subset or equal
⊇	\supseteq	Superset or equal
∪	\cup	Union
∩	\cap	Intersection
⊖	\setminus	Set minus
⊕	\oplus	Disjoint union
℘	\wp	Power set
∀	\forall	For all
∃	\exists	There exists
∃!	\exists!	There exists one and only one
⇒	\Rightarrow	Implies
⇐	\Leftarrow	Is implied by
⇔	\Leftrightarrow	If and only if
∼	\sim	Not
∧	\wedge	And
∨	\vee	Or
⊻	\veebar	Exclusive or
=	=	Equality
≠	\neq	Inequality
∅	\emptyset	Empty set
ℝ	\mathbb{R}	Real numbers
ℕ	\mathbb{N}	Natural numbers
ℤ	\mathbb{Z}	Integers
ℚ	\mathbb{Q}	Rational numbers
ℂ	\mathbb{C}	Complex numbers
∆	\triangle	Symmetric difference
×	\times	Cartesian product
sin	\sin	Sine
cos	\cos	Cosine
tan	\tan	Tangent
csc	\csc	Cosecant
sec	\sec	Secant
cot	\cot	Cotangent
π	\pi	Pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
θ	\theta	Theta, often used as the variable for an angle
sin⁻¹	\sin^{-1}	Inverse sine (arcsin)
cos⁻¹	\cos^{-1}	Inverse cosine (arccos)
tan⁻¹	\tan^{-1}	Inverse tangent (arctan)
csc⁻¹	\csc^{-1}	Inverse cosecant (arccsc)
sec⁻¹	\sec^{-1}	Inverse secant (arcsec)
cot⁻¹	\cot^{-1}	Inverse cotangent (arccot)
∠	\angle	Angle
∡	\measuredangle	Measured angle
∢	\sphericalangle	Spherical angle
∆	\Delta	Delta, represents change or difference, often used for angle in trigonometry
sinh	\sinh	Hyperbolic sine
cosh	\cosh	Hyperbolic cosine
tanh	\tanh	Hyperbolic tangent
csch	\csch	Hyperbolic cosecant
sech	\sech	Hyperbolic secant
coth	\coth	Hyperbolic cotangent
e	e	Euler's number, the base of the natural logarithm
i	i	Imaginary unit, satisfies i² = -1
φ	\varphi	Phi, often used for phase angle in wave functions
λ	\lambda	Lambda, often used for wavelength
ω	\omega	Omega, angular frequency of a wave
∑	\sum	Summation, sum of terms
∏	\prod	Product, product of terms
√	\sqrt{}	Square root
∛	\sqrt[3]{}	Cube root
\|z\|	\|z\|	Magnitude of a complex number
π	\pi	Pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
π/2	\frac{\pi}{2}	Half pi, represents a right angle or 90 degrees
π/3	\frac{\pi}{3}	One third of pi, represents 60 degrees
π/4	\frac{\pi}{4}	Quarter pi, represents 45 degrees
π/6	\frac{\pi}{6}	One sixth of pi, represents 30 degrees
2π	2\pi	Two pi, represents a full circle or 360 degrees
3π/2	\frac{3\pi}{2}	Three halves of pi, represents 270 degrees or a three-quarter turn
2π/3	\frac{2\pi}{3}	Two thirds of pi, represents 120 degrees
π/8	\frac{\pi}{8}	One eighth of pi, represents 22.5 degrees
5π/6	\frac{5\pi}{6}	Five sixths of pi, represents 150 degrees
π/12	\frac{\pi}{12}	One twelfth of pi, represents 15 degrees
4π/3	\frac{4\pi}{3}	Four thirds of pi, represents 240 degrees
5π/3	\frac{5\pi}{3}	Five thirds of pi, represents 300 degrees
3π/4	\frac{3\pi}{4}	Three quarters of pi, represents 135 degrees
7π/4	\frac{7\pi}{4}	Seven quarters of pi, represents 315 degrees
7π/6	\frac{7\pi}{6}	Seven sixths of pi, represents 210 degrees
11π/6	\frac{11\pi}{6}	Eleven sixths of pi, represents 330 degrees
!	!	Factorial
P(n, k)	P(n, k)	Permutations
C(n, k)	\binom{n}{k}	Combinations
nᵏ	n^k	Power
S(n, k)	S(n, k)	Stirling numbers of the second kind
B(n)	B(n)	Bell numbers
ℙ(A)	\mathcal{P}(A)	Power set of A
\|A\|	\|A\|	Cardinality of set A
P(A)	P(A)	Probability of event A
P(A\|B)	P(A\|B)	Conditional probability of A given B
P(A ∩ B)	P(A \cap B)	Probability of both A and B
P(A ∪ B)	P(A \cup B)	Probability of A or B
E(X)	E(X)	Expected value of random variable X
Var(X)	\text{Var}(X)	Variance of random variable X
σ²	\sigma^2	Variance of a population
σ	\sigma	Standard deviation of a population
S²	S^2	Sample variance
S	S	Sample standard deviation
μ	\mu	Mean of a population
x̄	\bar{x}	Sample mean
n	n	Sample size
N	N	Population size
Z	Z	Z-score
t	t	t-score in t-distribution
χ²	\chi^2	Chi-squared statistic
F	F	F statistic in F-distribution
ρ	\rho	Correlation coefficient
p-value	\text{p-value}	p-value, probability of observing the test result under the null hypothesis
Z-score	Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}	Measure of how many standard deviations an element is from the mean. Calculated as Z = (X - μ) / σ, where X is the value, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.

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